THE EFFECTS OF RESISTANCE TRAINING ON
ENDURANCE DISTANCE RUNNING PERFORMANCE
AMONG HIGHLY TRAINED RUNNERS: A SYSTEMATIC
REVIEW
ABSTRACT
Yamamoto, LM, Lopez, RM, Klau, JF, Casa, DJ, Kraemer, WJ,
and Maresh, CM. The effects of resistance training on
endurance distance running performance among highly trained
runners: a systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 22(6):
2036–2044, 2008—The current perception among highly
competitive endurance runners is that concurrent resistance
and endurance training (CT) will improve running performance
despite the limited research in this area. The purpose of this
review was to search the body of scientific literature for original
research addressing the effects of CT on distance running
performance in highly competitive endurance runners. Specific
key words (including running, strength training, performance,
and endurance) were used to search relevant databases
through April 2007 for literature related to CT. Original research
was reviewed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database
(PEDro) scale. Five studies met inclusion criteria: highly trained
runners ($ 30 milewk21 or $ 5 dwk21), CT intervention for
a period $ 6 weeks, performance distance between 3K and
42.2K, and a PEDro scale score $ 5 (out of 10). Exclusion
criteria were prepubertal children and elderly populations. Four
of the five studies employed sport-specific, explosive resistance
training, whereas one study used traditional heavy weight
resistance training. Two of the five studies measured 2.9%
improved performance (3K and 5K), and all five studies
measured 4.6% improved running economy (RE; range = 3–
8.1%). After critically reviewing the literature for the impact of
CT on high-level runners, we conclude that resistance training
likely has a positive effect on endurance running performance or
RE. The short duration and wide range of exercises implemented
are of concern, but coaches should not hesitate to
implement a well-planned, periodized CT program for their
endurance runners.
EFFECTS OF WHOLE-BODY LOW-INTENSITY
RESISTANCE TRAINING WITH SLOW MOVEMENT AND
TONIC FORCE GENERATION ON MUSCULAR SIZE AND
STRENGTH IN YOUNG MEN
ABSTRACT
Tanimoto, M, Sanada, K, Yamamoto, K, Kawano, H, Gando,
Y, Tabata, I, Ishii, N, and Miyachi, M. Effects of whole-body
low-intensity resistance training with slow movement and tonic
force generation on muscular size and strength in young men.
J Strength Cond Res 22(6): 1926–1938, 2008—Our previous
study showed that relatively low-intensity (~50% one-repetition
maximum [1RM]) resistance training (knee extension) with slow
movement and tonic force generation (LST) caused as
significant an increase in muscular size and strength as highintensity
(~80% 1RM) resistance training with normal speed
(HN). However, that study examined only local effects of one
type of exercise (knee extension) on knee extensor muscles.
The present study was performed to examine whether a wholebody
LST resistance training regimen is as effective on
muscular hypertrophy and strength gain as HN resistance
training. Thirty-six healthy young men without experience of
regular resistance training were assigned into three groups
(each n = 12) and performed whole-body resistance training
regimens comprising five types of exercise (vertical squat, chest
press, latissimus dorsi pull-down, abdominal bend, and back
extension: three sets each) with LST (~55–60% 1RM,
3 seconds for eccentric and concentric actions, and no relaxing
phase); HN (~80–90% 1RM, 1 second for concentric and
eccentric actions, 1 second for relaxing); and a sedentary
control group (CON). The mean repetition maximum was eightrepetition
maximum in LST and HN. The training session was
performed twice a week for 13 weeks. The LST training caused
significant (p , 0.05) increases in whole-body muscle
thickness (6.8 6 3.4% in a sum of six sites) and 1RM strength
(33.0 6 8.8% in a sum of five exercises) comparable with those
induced by HN training (9.1 6 4.2%, 41.2 6 7.6% in each
measurement item). There were no such changes in the CON
group. The results suggest that a whole-body LST resistance
training regimen is as effective for muscular hypertrophy and
strength gain as HN resistance training.
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